The Swiss Code of Obligations is a central code of Swiss civil law that regulates the legal relationships between private individuals. It comprises a total of five books that deal with various aspects of contract law, debt law and property law. The Code of Obligations regulates, among other things, the formation, content and termination of contracts, liability for violations of contracts, as well as legal relations in the event of tort. It is an important code of laws for business and everyday life, as it forms the basis for many legal relations and contracts. The Code of Obligations has been in force in Switzerland since 1912 and has been revised and adapted several times since then to meet social and economic developments.
The articles OR
| Art. 1 A. Conclusion of the contractI. Mutual expression of intent1. In general |
| Art. 2 2. Secondary terms |
| Art. 3 II. Offer and acceptance1. Offer subject to time limit |
| Art. 4 2. Offer without time limit a. In the parties’ presence |
| Art. 5 b. In the parties’ absence |
| Art. 6 3. Implied acceptance |
| Art. 6a 3a. Unsolicited goods |
| Art. 7 4. Non-binding offer, announcement of prices, display |
| Art. 8 5. Publicly promised remuneration |
| Art. 9 6. Withdrawal of offer and acceptance |
| Art. 10 III. Entry into effect of a contract concluded in the parties’ absence |
| Art. 11 B. Form of contractsI. Formal requirements and significance in general |
| Art. 12 II. Written form1. Form required by lawa. Scope |
| Art. 13 b. Effect |
| Art. 14 c. Signature |
| Art. 15 d. Mark in lieu of signature |
| Art. 16 2. Form stipulated by contract |
| Art. 17 C. Cause of obligation |
| Art. 18 D. Interpretation of contracts, simulation |
| Art. 19 E. Terms of the contractI. Definition of terms |
| Art. 20 II. Nullity |
| Art. 21 III. Unfair advantage |
| Art. 22 IV. Agreement to conclude a contract |
| Art. 23 F. Defect in consentI. Error1. Effect |
| Art. 24 2. Cases of mistake |
| Art. 25 3. Invoking error contrary to good faith |
| Art. 26 4. Error by negligence |
| Art. 27 5. Incorrect intermediation |
| Art. 28 II. Fraud |
| Art. 29 III. Duress 1. Consent to contract |
| Art. 30 2. Definition of duress |
| Art. 31 IV. Defect of consent negated by ratification of the contract |
| Art. 32 I. With authorisation1. In generala. Effect of agency |
| Art. 33 b. Scope of authority |
| Art. 34 2. Authority arising from a transactiona. Restriction and revocation |
| Art. 35 b. Effect of death, incapacity, etc. |
| Art. 36 c. Return of the instrument conferring authority |
| Art. 37 d. Time from which end of authority takes effect |
| Art. 38 II. Without authority1. Ratification |
| Art. 39 2. Failure to ratify |
| Art. 40 III. Reservation of special provisions |
| Art. 40a H. Revocation in door-to-door sales and similar contractsI. Scope of application |
| Art. 40b II. General principle |
| Art. 40c III. Exceptions |
| Art. 40d IV. Duty to inform |
| Art. 40e V. Revocation1. Form and time limit |
| Art. 40f 2. Consequences |
| Art. 40g |
| Art. 41 Section Two: Obligations in TortA. General principles I. Conditions of liability |
| Art. 42 II. Determining the damage |
| Art. 43 III. Determining compensation |
| Art. 44 IV. Grounds for reducing compensation |
| Art. 45 V. Special cases1. Homicide and personal injurya. Damages for homicide |
| Art. 46 b. Damages for personal injury |
| Art. 47 c. Satisfaction |
| Art. 48 2. ... |
| Art. 49 3. Injury to personality rights |
| Art. 50 VI. Multiple liable parties1. In tort |
| Art. 51 2. On different legal grounds |
| Art. 52 VII. Self-defence, necessity, legitimate use of force |
| Art. 53 VIII. Relationship with criminal law |
| Art. 54 B. Liability of persons lacking capacity to consent |
| Art. 55 C. Liability of employers |
| Art. 56 D. Liability for animalsI. Damages |
| Art. 57 II. Seizure of animals |
| Art. 58 E. Liability of property ownersI. Damages |
| Art. 59 II. Safety measures |
| Art. 59a F. Liability in respect of cryptographic keys |
| Art. 60 |
| Art. 61 |
| Art. 62 Obligations deriving from Unjust Enrichment |
| Art. 63 II. Payment in satisfaction of a non-existent obligation |
| Art. 64 B. Scope of restitutionI. Obligations of the unjustly enriched party |
| Art. 65 II. Rights in respect of expenditures |
| Art. 66 C. Exclusion of restitution |
| Art. 67 D. Prescription |
| Art. 68 Section One: Performance of ObligationsA. General principlesI. Performance by the obligor in person |
| Art. 69 II. Object of performance1. Part payment |
| Art. 70 2. Indivisible performance |
| Art. 71 3. Debt of generic object |
| Art. 72 4. Obligations involving choice of performance |
| Art. 73 5. Interest |
| Art. 74 B. Place of performance |
| Art. 75 C. Time of performanceI. Open-ended obligations |
| Art. 76 II. Obligations subject to time limit1. Monthly time limits |
| Art. 77 2. Other time limits |
| Art. 78 3. Sundays and public holidays |
| Art. 79 III. Performance during business hours |
| Art. 80 IV. Extension of the time limit |
| Art. 81 V. Early performance |
| Art. 82 VI. In bilateral contracts1. Order of performance |
| Art. 83 2. Allowance for unilateral insolvency |
| Art. 84 D. PaymentI. National currency |
| Art. 85 II. Allocation1. Of part payments |
| Art. 86 2. In the case of multiple debtsa. At the discretion of debtor or creditor |
| Art. 87 b. By law |
| Art. 88 III. Receipt and return of borrower’s note1. Right of the debtor |
| Art. 89 2. Effect |
| Art. 90 3. Return of borrower’s note not possible |
| Art. 91 E. Default of obligeeI. Requirement |
| Art. 92 II. Effect1. On obligations relating to objectsa. Right to deposit object |
| Art. 93 b. Right to sell |
| Art. 94 c. Right to take back the object |
| Art. 95 2. On other obligations |
| Art. 96 F. Performance prevented for other reasons |
| Art. 97 A. Failure to performI. Obligor’s duty to compensate1. In general |
| Art. 98 2. Obligation to act or refrain from action |
| Art. 99 II. Scope of liability and compensation1. In general |
| Art. 100 2. Exclusion of liability |
| Art. 101 3. Liability for associates |
| Art. 102 B. Default of obligorI. Requirement |
| Art. 103 II. Effect1. Liability for accidental damage |
| Art. 104 2. Default interesta. In general |
| Art. 105 b. Debtor in default on payments of interest, annuities and gifts |
| Art. 106 3. Excess damage |
| Art. 107 4. Withdrawal and damagesa. Subject to time limit |
| Art. 108 b. Without time limit |
| Art. 109 c. Effect of withdrawal |
| Art. 110 Section Three: Obligations involving Third PartiesA. Subrogation |
| Art. 111 B. Guarantee of performance by third party |
| Art. 112 C. Contracts conferring rights on third partiesI. In general |
| Art. 113 II. In the case of liability insurance |
| Art. 114 Title Three: Extinction of ObligationsA. Extinction of accessory rights |
| Art. 115 B. Extinction by agreement |
| Art. 116 C. NovationI. In general |
| Art. 117 II. In relation to current accounts |
| Art. 118 D. Merger |
| Art. 119 E. Performance becomes impossible |
| Art. 120 F. Set-offI. Requirement1. In general |
| Art. 121 2. Under surety |
| Art. 122 3. In contracts conferring rights on third parties |
| Art. 123 4. Where the debtor is bankrupt |
| Art. 124 II. Effect of setoff |
| Art. 125 III. Exceptions |
| Art. 126 IV. Waiver |
| Art. 127 G. PrescriptionI. Periods1. Ten years |
| Art. 128 2. Five years |
| Art. 128a 2a. Twenty years |
| Art. 129 3. Mandatory prescriptive periods |
| Art. 130 4. Start of prescriptive perioda. In general |
| Art. 131 b. For periodic obligations |
| Art. 132 5. Computation of prescriptive periods |
| Art. 133 II. Effect on accessory claims |
| Art. 134 III. Prevention and suspension of the prescriptive period |
| Art. 135 IV. Interruption of prescriptive period1. Grounds for interruption |
| Art. 136 2. Effect of interruption on co-obligors |
| Art. 137 3. Start of new prescriptive perioda. In the event of acknowledgment or judgment |
| Art. 138 b. By action of the creditor |
| Art. 139 V. Prescription of the right of recourse |
| Art. 140 VI. Prescription of a charge on chattels |
| Art. 141 |
| Art. 142 VIII. Application |
| Art. 143 Section One: Joint and Several ObligationsA. Joint and several debtorsI. Requirement |
| Art. 144 II. Relationship between creditor and debtor1. Effecta. Liability of the debtors |
| Art. 145 b. Objections by the debtors |
| Art. 146 c. Action taken by individual debtors |
| Art. 147 2. Extinction of the joint and several obligation |
| Art. 148 III. Relationship between joint and several debtors1. Participation |
| Art. 149 2. Subrogation |
| Art. 150 B. Joint and several creditors |
| Art. 151 Section Two: Conditional ObligationsA. Condition precedentI. In general |
| Art. 152 II. Before the condition occurs |
| Art. 153 III. Benefits enjoyed in the interim |
| Art. 154 B. Condition subsequent |
| Art. 155 C. Joint provisions I. Fulfilment of the condition |
| Art. 156 II. Prevention in bad faith |
| Art. 157 III. Inadmissible conditions |
| Art. 158 Earnest Money, Forfeit Money, Salary Deductions and Contractual Penalties |
| Art. 159 B. ... |
| Art. 160 I. Rights of the creditor1. Relation between penalty and contractual performance |
| Art. 161 2. Relation between penalty and damage |
| Art. 162 3. Forfeiture of part payments |
| Art. 163 II. Amount, nullity and reduction of the penalty |
| Art. 164 I. Requirements1. Voluntary assignmenta. Admissibility |
| Art. 165 b. Form of the contract |
| Art. 166 2. Assignment by law or court order |
| Art. 167 II. Effect of assignment1. Position of the debtor a. Payment made in good faith |
| Art. 168 b. Refusal of payment and deposit |
| Art. 169 c. Objections raised by the debtor |
| Art. 170 2. Transfer of preferential and accessory rights, documents and evidence |
| Art. 171 3. Warrantya. In general |
| Art. 172 b. In the case of assignment by way of satisfaction |
| Art. 173 c. Scope of liability |
| Art. 174 III. Special provisions |
| Art. 175 B. Assumption of debtI. Debtor and debt acquirer |
| Art. 176 II. Contract between debt acquirer and creditor1. Offer and acceptance |
| Art. 177 2. Lapse of offer |
| Art. 178 III. Effect of change of debtor1. Accessory rights |
| Art. 179 2. Objections |
| Art. 180 IV. Failure of debt assumption contract |
| Art. 181 V. Assignment of assets or a business with assets and liabilities |
| Art. 182 VI. ... |
| Art. 183 VII. In relation to division of estate and land purchase |
| Art. 184 Title Six: Sale and ExchangeSection One: General ProvisionsA. Rights and obligations of the parties in general |
| Art. 185 B. Benefits and risks |
| Art. 186 C. Reservation of cantonal law |
| Art. 187 Section Two: The Chattel SaleA. Object |
| Art. 188 B. Seller’s obligations I. Transfer1. Transfer costs |
| Art. 189 2. Transport costs |
| Art. 190 3. Delivery defaulta. Withdrawal from commercial transactions |
| Art. 191 b. Liability for and computation of damages |
| Art. 192 II. Warranty of title 1. Warranty obligation |
| Art. 193 2. Procedurea. Third-party notice |
| Art. 194 b. Surrender of object without court decision |
| Art. 195 3. Rights of the buyera. Full dispossession |
| Art. 196 b. Partial dispossession |
| Art. 196a c. Objects of cultural heritage |
| Art. 197 III. Warranty of quality and fitness 1. Object of the warrantya. In general |
| Art. 198 b. In livestock trading |
| Art. 199 2. Exclusion of warranty |
| Art. 200 3. Defects known to the buyer |
| Art. 201 4. Notice of defects a. In general |
| Art. 202 b. In livestock trading |
| Art. 203 5. Intentional deceit |
| Art. 204 6. Remote sale and purchase |
| Art. 205 7. Types of action a. Rescission or reduction |
| Art. 206 b. Substitute performance |
| Art. 207 c. Rescission when the object is destroyed |
| Art. 208 8. Rescission of the contract of salea. In general |
| Art. 209 b. For sales of batches or sets of objects |
| Art. 210 9. Prescription |
| Art. 211 C. Obligations of the buyer I. Payment of the sale price and acceptance of the object |
| Art. 212 II. Fixing the price |
| Art. 213 III. Time when price falls due, interest |
| Art. 214 IV. Buyer in default 1. Seller’s right of withdrawal |
| Art. 215 2. Liability for and computation of damages |
| Art. 216 Section Three: Sale of Immovable Property A. Formal requirements |
| Art. 216a Abis. Duration and priority notice |
| Art. 216b Ater. Inheritance and assignment |
| Art. 216c Aquater. Rights of pre-emptionI. Pre-emption events |
| Art. 216d II. Effect of pre-emption, conditions |
| Art. 216e III. Exercise, forfeiture |
| Art. 217 B. Conditional purchase and reservation of ownership |
| Art. 218 C. Agricultural properties |
| Art. 219 D. Warranty |
| Art. 220 E. Benefits and risks |
| Art. 221 F. Reference to chattel sale |
| Art. 222 Section Four: Special Types of SaleA. Sale by sample |
| Art. 223 B. Sale on approval or inspectionI. Effect |
| Art. 224 II. Inspection on the seller’s premises |
| Art. 225 III. Inspection on the buyer’s premises |
| Art. 226 |
| Art. 226 C. ... |
| Art. 226e |
| Art. 226 |
| Art. 226l |
| Art. 226m |
| Art. 227 |
| Art. 227 |
| Art. 228 |
| Art. 229 D. AuctionsI. Conclusion of the purchase |
| Art. 230 II. Avoidance |
| Art. 231 III. Binding nature of bids at auction1. In general |
| Art. 232 2. Immovable property |
| Art. 233 IV. Cash payment |
| Art. 234 V. Warranty |
| Art. 235 VI. Transfer of ownership |
| Art. 236 VII. Cantonal provisions |
| Art. 237 Section Five: The Contract of ExchangeA. Reference to provisions governing purchase |
| Art. 238 B. Warranty |
| Art. 239 Title Seven: GiftsA. Definition |
| Art. 240 B. Personal capacityI. Of the donor |
| Art. 241 II. Of the recipient |
| Art. 242 C. Establishing the giftI. From hand to hand |
| Art. 243 II. Promise of a gift |
| Art. 244 III. Effect of acceptance |
| Art. 245 D. Conditions and provisosI. In general |
| Art. 246 II. Fulfilment of provisos |
| Art. 247 III. Reversion clause |
| Art. 248 E. Liability of the donor |
| Art. 249 F. Annulment of giftsI. Claim for return of gift |
| Art. 250 II. Revocation and invalidation of a promise to give |
| Art. 251 III. Prescription and heirs’ right of action |
| Art. 252 IV. Death of the donor |
| Art. 253 Section One: General ProvisionsA. Definition and scope of applicationI. Definition |
| Art. 253a II. Scope of application1. Residential and commercial premises |
| Art. 253b 2. Provisions on protection against unfair rents |
| Art. 254 B. Tie-in transactions |
| Art. 255 C. Duration |
| Art. 256 D. Obligations of the landlord I. In general |
| Art. 256a II. Duty of disclosure |
| Art. 256b III. Charges and taxes |
| Art. 257 E. Obligations of the tenant or lesseeI. Payment of rent and accessory charges1. Rent |
| Art. 257a 2. Accessory chargesa. In general |
| Art. 257b b. Residential and commercial premises |
| Art. 257c 3. Payment deadlines |
| Art. 257d 4. Tenant in arrears |
| Art. 257e II. Security furnished by the tenant |
| Art. 257f III. Care and consideration |
| Art. 257g IV. Duty of notification |
| Art. 257h V. Duty of tolerance |
| Art. 258 F. Non-performance or defective performance when object handed over |
| Art. 259 G. Defects during the contractI. Obligation of tenant to carry out minor cleaning and repairs |
| Art. 259a II. Rights of the tenant 1. In general |
| Art. 259b 2. Remedy of defectsa. General principle |
| Art. 259c b. Exception |
| Art. 259d 3. Reduction of rent |
| Art. 259e 4. Damages |
| Art. 259f 5. Assumption of litigation |
| Art. 259g 6. Deposit of renta. General principle |
| Art. 259h b. Release of deposited rent |
| Art. 259i c. Procedure |
| Art. 260 H. Renovations and modificationsI. By the landlord |
| Art. 260a II. By the tenant |
| Art. 261 J. Change of ownershipI. Alienation of the object |
| Art. 261a II. Conferral of limited rights in rem |
| Art. 261b III. Entry under priority notice in the land register |
| Art. 262 K. Sub-letting |
| Art. 263 L. Transfer of lease to a third party |
| Art. 264 M. Early return of the object |
| Art. 265 N. Set-off |
| Art. 266 O. End of leaseI. Expiry of agreed duration |
| Art. 266a II. Notice of termination and termination dates1. In general |
| Art. 266b 2. Immovable and movable structures |
| Art. 266c 3. Residential premises |
| Art. 266d 4. Commercial premises |
| Art. 266e 5. Furnished rooms and parking spaces |
| Art. 266f 6. Chattels |
| Art. 266g III. Extraordinary notice1. Good cause |
| Art. 266h 2. Bankruptcy of the tenant or lessee |
| Art. 266i 3. Death of the tenant or lessee |
| Art. 266k 4. Chattels |
| Art. 266l IV. Required form of notice for residential and commercial premises1. In general |
| Art. 266m 2. Family residencea. Notice given by the tenant |
| Art. 266n b. Notice given by the landlord |
| Art. 266o 3. Void notice |
| Art. 267 P. Return of the objectI. In general |
| Art. 267a II. Inspection of object and notification of tenant or lessee |
| Art. 268 Q. Landlord’s special lienI. Scope |
| Art. 268a II. Objects belonging to third parties |
| Art. 268b III. Exercise of lien |
| Art. 269 A. Unfair rentI. General rule |
| Art. 269a II. Exceptions |
| Art. 269b B. Index-linked rent |
| Art. 269c C. Periodical rent increases |
| Art. 269d D. Rent increases and other unilateral amendments by the landlord |
| Art. 270 E. Challenge to rentI. Request for rent reduction1. Initial rent |
| Art. 270a 2. During the lease |
| Art. 270b II. Challenging rent increases and other unilateral amendments by the landlord |
| Art. 270c III. Challenging index-linked rent |
| Art. 270d IV. Challenging periodical rent increases |
| Art. 270e F. Continued validity of lease during challenge proceedings |
| Art. 271 A. Notice open to challenge I. In general |
| Art. 271a II. Notice served by the landlord |
| Art. 272 B. Extension of the leaseI. Tenant’s entitlement |
| Art. 272a II. Exclusion of extension |
| Art. 272b III. Length of extension |
| Art. 272c IV. Continued validity of lease |
| Art. 272d V. Notice given during extension |
| Art. 273 |
| Art. 273a D. Family residence |
| Art. 273b E. Sub-letting |
| Art. 273c F. Mandatory provisions |
| Art. 274274 |
| Art. 275 A. Definition and scope of applicationI. Definition |
| Art. 276 II. Scope of application1. Residential and commercial premises |
| Art. 276a 2. Agricultural lease |
| Art. 277 B. Inventory |
| Art. 278 C. Obligations of the lessorI. Hand-over of object |
| Art. 279 II. Major repairs |
| Art. 280 III. Charges and taxes |
| Art. 281 D. Obligations of the lesseeI. Payment of rent and accessory charges1. In general |
| Art. 282 2. Lessee in arrears |
| Art. 283 II. Care, consideration and maintenance1. Care and consideration |
| Art. 284 2. Normal maintenance |
| Art. 285 3. Breach of duty by the lessee |
| Art. 286 III. Duty of notification |
| Art. 287 IV. Duty of tolerance |
| Art. 288 E. Rights of the lessee on non-performance or defective performance |
| Art. 289 F. Renovations and modificationsI. By the lessor |
| Art. 289a II. By the lessee |
| Art. 290 G. Change of ownership |
| Art. 291 H. Sub-letting |
| Art. 292 J. Transfer of usufructuary lease to a third party |
| Art. 293 K. Early return of the object |
| Art. 294 L. Set-off |
| Art. 295 M. End of usufructuary leaseI. Expiry of agreed duration |
| Art. 296 II. Notice of termination and termination dates |
| Art. 297 III. Extraordinary notice1. Good cause |
| Art. 297a 2. Bankruptcy of the lessee |
| Art. 297b 3. Death of the lessee |
| Art. 298 IV. Required form of notice for residential and commercial premises |
| Art. 299 N. Return of the objectI. In general |
| Art. 299a II. Inspection of object and notification of lessee |
| Art. 299b III. Replacement of inventory items |
| Art. 299c O. Lessor’s lien |
| Art. 300 P. Protection against termination of usufructuary leases of residential and commercial premises |
| Art. 301 Q. Procedure |
| Art. 302 R. Livestock leaseI. Rights and obligations of the tenant farmer |
| Art. 303 II. Liability |
| Art. 304 III. Termination |
| Art. 305 Title Nine: The LoanSection One: The Loan for UseA. Definition |
| Art. 306 B. EffectI. Borrower’s right of use |
| Art. 307 II. Maintenance costs |
| Art. 308 III. Liability of joint borrowers |
| Art. 309 C. TerminationI. Loan for designated use |
| Art. 310 II. Loan for non-designated use |
| Art. 311 III. Death of the borrower |
| Art. 312 Section Two: The Fixed-Term LoanA. Definition |
| Art. 313 B. EffectI. Interest1. Liability for interest |
| Art. 314 2. Rules governing interest |
| Art. 315 II. Prescriptive period for claims for delivery and acceptance |
| Art. 316 III. Insolvency of the borrower |
| Art. 317 C. Goods in lieu of money |
| Art. 318 D. Timing of repayment |
| Art. 319 Section One: The Individual Employment Contract A. Definition and conclusionI. Definition |
| Art. 320 II. Creation |
| Art. 321 B. Obligations of the employeeI. Duty to work in person |
| Art. 321a II. Duty of care and loyalty |
| Art. 321b III. Disclosure and hand-over of benefits received and work produced |
| Art. 321c IV. Overtime |
| Art. 321d V. Compliance with general directives and instructions |
| Art. 321e VI. Employee’s liability |
| Art. 322 C. Obligations of the employerI. Salary1. Type and amount in general |
| Art. 322a 2. Share in the business results |
| Art. 322b 3. Commissiona. Entitlement |
| Art. 322c b. Statement |
| Art. 322d 4. Bonuses |
| Art. 323 II. Payment of salary1. Payment terms and periods |
| Art. 323a 2. Withholding of salary |
| Art. 323b 3. Salary protection |
| Art. 324 III. Salary in the event work is not possible1. Failure by employer to accept performance |
| Art. 324a 2. Employee prevented from workinga. General principle |
| Art. 324b b. Exceptions |
| Art. 325 IV. Assignment and pledge of salary claims |
| Art. 326 V. Piece work 1. Work allocation |
| Art. 326a 2. Piece work rates |
| Art. 327 VI. Work tools, materials and expenses1. Work tools and materials |
| Art. 327a 2. Expensesa. In general |
| Art. 327b b. Motor vehicle |
| Art. 327c c. Payment dates |
| Art. 328 VII. Protection of the employee’s personality rights1. In general |
| Art. 328a 2. Shared household |
| Art. 328b 3. When handling personal data |
| Art. 329 |
| Art. 329a 2. Holidaysa. Annual entitlement |
| Art. 329b b. Reduction |
| Art. 329c c. Consecutive weeks, timing |
| Art. 329d d. Salary |
| Art. 329e 3. Leave for extracurricular youth work |
| Art. 329f 4. Maternity leave |
| Art. 329g 5. Paternity leave4. Paternity leave |
| Art. 329h 6. Leave to care for family members |
| Art. 329i 7. Leave to care for a child whose health is seriously impaired by illness or accident |
| Art. 330 IX. Other duties1. Security |
| Art. 330a 2. Reference |
| Art. 330b 3. Duty of information |
| Art. 331 |
| Art. 331a II. Beginning and end of insurance cover |
| Art. 331b III. Assignment and pledge |
| Art. 331c IV. Reservations on medical grounds |
| Art. 331d V. Promotion of home ownership1. Pledge |
| Art. 331e 2. Early withdrawal |
| Art. 331f 3. Restrictions if the benefits scheme has a cover deficit |
| Art. 332 E. Right to inventions and designs |
| Art. 332a |
| Art. 333 |
| Art. 333a 2. Consultation of employees’ organisation |
| Art. 333b 3. Transfer of the company on insolvency |
| Art. 334 G. End of the employment relationshipI. Fixed-term employment relationship |
| Art. 335 II. Open-ended employment relationship 1. Notice in general |
| Art. 335a 2. Notice periodsa. In general |
| Art. 335b b. During the probation period |
| Art. 335c c. After the probation period |
| Art. 335d IIbis. Mass redundancies1. Definition |
| Art. 335e 2. Scope of application |
| Art. 335f 3. Consultation of employees’ organisation |
| Art. 335g 4. Procedure |
| Art. 335h 5. Social plana. Definition and principles |
| Art. 335i b. Duty to negotiate |
| Art. 335j c. Preparation by an arbitral tribunal |
| Art. 335k d. During bankruptcy or composition proceedings |
| Art. 336 III. Protection from termination1. Wrongful terminationa. General principle |
| Art. 336a b. Penalties |
| Art. 336b c. Procedure |
| Art. 336c 2. Termination at an inopportune juncturea. By the employer |
| Art. 336d b. By the employee |
| Art. 337 IV. Termination with immediate effect1. Requirementsa. For good cause |
| Art. 337a b. Salary at risk |
| Art. 337b 2. Consequencesa. Termination for good cause |
| Art. 337c b. Termination without just cause |
| Art. 337d c. Failure to take up post and departure without just cause |
| Art. 338 V. Death of the employee or employer1. Death of the employee |
| Art. 338a 2. Death of the employer |
| Art. 339 VI. Consequences of termination of the employment relationship 1. Maturity of claims |
| Art. 339a 2. Return |
| Art. 339b 3. Severance allowancea. Requirements |
| Art. 339c b. Amount and due date |
| Art. 339d c. Benefits in lieu of allowance |
| Art. 340 VII. Prohibition of competition1. Requirements |
| Art. 340a 2. Restrictions |
| Art. 340b 3. Consequences of infringement |
| Art. 340c 4. Extinction |
| Art. 341 H. No right of waiver and prescription |
| Art. 342 I. Reservation of public law and effects under civil law |
| Art. 343 |
| Art. 344 I. Definition and conclusion1. Definition |
| Art. 344a 2. Conclusion and content |
| Art. 345 II. Effects1. Special obligations of the trainee and his legal representative |
| Art. 345a 2. Special obligations of the employer |
| Art. 346 III. Termination1. Early termination |
| Art. 346a 2. Certificate of apprenticeship |
| Art. 347 B. The Commercial Traveller’s ContractI. Definition and conclusion1. Definition |
| Art. 347a 2. Conclusion and content |
| Art. 348 II. Obligations and authority of the commercial traveller1. Special obligations |
| Art. 348a 2. Del credere |
| Art. 348b 3. Authority |
| Art. 349 III. Special obligations of the employer1. Area of activity |
| Art. 349a 2. Salarya. In general |
| Art. 349b b. Commission |
| Art. 349c c. Prevention from travelling |
| Art. 349d 3. Expenses |
| Art. 349e 4. Special lien |
| Art. 350 IV. Termination1. In special circumstances |
| Art. 350a 2. Special consequences |
| Art. 351 C. The Homeworker’s ContractI. Definition and conclusion1. Definition |
| Art. 351a 2. Notification of conditions |
| Art. 352 II. Special obligations of the home worker1. Performance of the work |
| Art. 352a 2. Materials and work tools |
| Art. 353 III. Special obligations of the employer1. Acceptance of completed work |
| Art. 353a 2. Salarya. Payment |
| Art. 353b b. When prevented from working |
| Art. 354 IV. Termination |
| Art. 355 D. Applicability of General Provisions |
| Art. 356 I. Definition, content, form and duration1. Definition and content |
| Art. 356a 2. Freedom of association and freedom to practise a profession |
| Art. 356b 3. Accession |
| Art. 356c 4. Form and duration |
| Art. 357 II. Effects1. On participating employers and employees |
| Art. 357a 2. On the contracting parties |
| Art. 357b 3. Joint enforcement |
| Art. 358 III. Relationship to mandatory law |
| Art. 359 B. The Standard Employment ContractI. Definition and content |
| Art. 359a II. Competent authorities and procedure |
| Art. 360 III. Effects |
| Art. 360a IV. Minimum wage1. Requirements |
| Art. 360b 2. Tripartite commissions |
| Art. 360c 3. Official secrecy |
| Art. 360d 4. Effects |
| Art. 360e 5. Associations’ right of action |
| Art. 360f 6. Notification |
| Art. 361 Section Four: Mandatory ProvisionsA. Provisions from which no derogation is permissible to the detriment of the employer or the employee |
| Art. 363 Title Eleven: The Contract for Work and ServicesA. Definition |
| Art. 364 B. Effects I. Contractor’s obligations 1. In general |
| Art. 365 2. Regarding materials |
| Art. 366 3. Prompt commencement and contractual performance of work |
| Art. 367 4. Liability for defectsa. Identification of defects |
| Art. 368 b. Rights of the customer in the event of defects |
| Art. 369 c. Customer’s liability |
| Art. 370 d. Approval of the work |
| Art. 371 e. Prescription |
| Art. 372 II. Customer’s obligations 1. Due date for payment |
| Art. 373 2. Amount of paymenta. Firm commitment |
| Art. 374 b. By the value of the work |
| Art. 375 C. TerminationI. Withdrawal because estimate exceeded |
| Art. 376 II. Destruction of the work |
| Art. 377 III. Withdrawal by the customer against indemnity |
| Art. 378 IV. Impossibility of performance for reasons attributable to the customer |
| Art. 379 V. Death or incapacity of the contractor |
| Art. 380 Title Twelve: The Publishing ContractA. Definition |
| Art. 381 B. Effects I. Transfer of copyright and warranty |
| Art. 382 II. Originator’s power of disposal |
| Art. 383 III. Number of editions |
| Art. 384 IV. Publication and sale |
| Art. 385 V. Improvements and corrections |
| Art. 386 VI. Collected and separate editions |
| Art. 387 VII. Translation rights |
| Art. 388 VIII. Author’s remuneration1. Amount |
| Art. 389 2. Due date for payment, record of sales and complimentary copies |
| Art. 390 C. TerminationI. Destruction of the work |
| Art. 391 II. Destruction of the edition |
| Art. 392 III. Grounds for termination pertaining to the person of the author or the publisher |
| Art. 393 D. Work on a project originated by the publisher |
| Art. 394 Title Thirteen: The Agency ContractSection One: The Simple Agency ContractA. Definition |
| Art. 395 B. Conclusion of the contract |
| Art. 396 C. EffectsI. Scope of agency |
| Art. 397 II. Obligations of the agent1. Compliance with instructions |
| Art. 397a 1bis. Duty to notify |
| Art. 398 2. Faithful performancea. In general |
| Art. 399 b. In the event of delegation |
| Art. 400 3. Account of agency |
| Art. 401 4. Transfer of acquired rights |
| Art. 402 III. Obligations of the principal |
| Art. 403 IV. Liability of joint principals and agents |
| Art. 404 D. TerminationI. Grounds1. Revocation, termination |
| Art. 405 2. Death, incapacity, bankruptcy |
| Art. 406 II. Effects of extinction of the contract |
| Art. 406a A. Definition and applicable law |
| Art. 406b B. Introduction of or to foreign nationalsI. Costs of return journey |
| Art. 406c II. Duty to obtain a licence |
| Art. 406d C. Form and content of the contract |
| Art. 406e D. Entry into force, revocation, notice of termination |
| Art. 406f E. ... |
| Art. 406g F. Information and data protection |
| Art. 406h G. Reduction |
| Art. 407 The Letter of Credit and the Loan Authorisation |
| Art. 408 B. Loan authorisation I. Definition and form |
| Art. 409 II. Incapacity of payee to enter into a contract |
| Art. 410 III. Payment extension granted on own authority |
| Art. 411 IV. Borrower and principal |
| Art. 412 Section Three: The Brokerage ContractA. Definition and form |
| Art. 413 B. Broker’s feeI. When due |
| Art. 414 II. Fixing the fee |
| Art. 415 III. Forfeiture |
| Art. 416 IV. ... |
| Art. 417 V. Excessive fees |
| Art. 418 C. Reservation of cantonal law |
| Art. 418a A. GeneralI. Definition |
| Art. 418b II. Applicable law |
| Art. 418c B. Obligations of the agentI. General and del credere |
| Art. 418d II. Duty of discretion and prohibition of competition |
| Art. 418e C. Powers of representation |
| Art. 418f D. Obligations of the principalI. In general |
| Art. 418g II. Commission1. On business facilitated and concludeda. Scope and entitlement |
| Art. 418h b. Lapse of entitlement |
| Art. 418i c. Due date |
| Art. 418k d. Statement of commission |
| Art. 418l 2. Collection commission |
| Art. 418m III. Inability to work |
| Art. 418n IV. Costs and expenses |
| Art. 418o V. Special lien |
| Art. 418p E. TerminationI. Expiry of duration |
| Art. 418q II. Notice of termination1. In general |
| Art. 418r 2. For good cause |
| Art. 418s III. Death, incapacity, bankruptcy |
| Art. 418t IV. Claims of the agent1. Commission |
| Art. 418u 2. Compensation for clientele |
| Art. 418v V. Duty of restitution |
| Art. 419 Title Fourteen: Agency without AuthorityA. Rights and obligations of the agentI. Manner of execution |
| Art. 420 II. Liability of the agent in general |
| Art. 421 III. Liability of agents lacking capacity to enter into contracts |
| Art. 422 B. Position of the principalI. Agency in the principal’s best interests |
| Art. 423 II. Business conducted in the agent’s interests |
| Art. 424 III. Approval of agency activities |
| Art. 425 Title Fifteen: The Commission ContractA. Buying and selling commission I. Definition |
| Art. 426 II. Obligations of the commission agent 1. Duty of notification, insurance |
| Art. 427 2. Treatment of goods on commission |
| Art. 428 3. Pricing by the principal |
| Art. 429 4. Advances and loans to third parties |
| Art. 430 5. Del credere |
| Art. 431 III. Rights of the commission agent1. Reimbursement of advances and expenses |
| Art. 432 2. Commissiona. Entitlement |
| Art. 433 b. Forfeiture and conversion into transaction for own account |
| Art. 434 3. Special lien |
| Art. 435 4. Sale of goods at auction |
| Art. 436 5. Agent acting for his own accounta. Pricing and commission |
| Art. 437 b. Presumption of trading for own account |
| Art. 438 c. Lapse of right to trade for own account |
| Art. 439 B. Forwarding contract |
| Art. 440 Title Sixteen: The Contract of CarriageA. Definition |
| Art. 441 B. Effects I. Obligations of the carrier1. Required information |
| Art. 442 2. Packaging |
| Art. 443 3. Power of disposal over freight |
| Art. 444 II. Position of the carrier1. Treatment of freighta. Delivery not possible |
| Art. 445 b. Sale |
| Art. 446 c. Liability |
| Art. 447 2. Liability of the carriera. Loss or destruction of the goods |
| Art. 448 b. Delay, damage, partial destruction |
| Art. 449 c. Liability for sub-contractors |
| Art. 450 3. Duty of notification |
| Art. 451 4. Lien |
| Art. 452 5. Forfeiture of liability claims |
| Art. 453 6. Procedure |
| Art. 454 7. Prescription of actions for damages |
| Art. 455 C. State-owned and licensed carriers |
| Art. 456 D. Use of state transport facilities |
| Art. 457 E. Liability of the forwarding agent |
| Art. 458 A. Registered power of attorneyI. Definition and conferral |
| Art. 459 II. Scope of authority |
| Art. 460 III. Restrictions |
| Art. 461 IV. Withdrawal |
| Art. 462 B. Other forms of commercial agency |
| Art. 463 C. ... |
| Art. 464 D. Prohibition of competition |
| Art. 465 E. Extinction of power of attorney and other forms of commercial agency |
| Art. 466 Title Eighteen: The Payment InstructionA. Definition |
| Art. 467 B. Effects I. Relations between principal and payee |
| Art. 468 II. Obligations of the agent |
| Art. 469 III. Duty to notify non-payment |
| Art. 470 C. Revocation |
| Art. 471 D. Payment instructions relating to securities |
| Art. 472 Title Nineteen: The Contract of BailmentA. Bailment in generalI. Definition |
| Art. 473 II. Obligations of the bailor |
| Art. 474 III. Obligations of the bailee1. Prohibition of use |
| Art. 475 2. Returna. Rights of the bailor |
| Art. 476 b. Rights of the bailee |
| Art. 477 c. Place of return |
| Art. 478 3. Liability of joint bailees |
| Art. 479 4. Third-party rights of title |
| Art. 480 IV. Official receiver |
| Art. 481 B. Bailment of fungibles |
| Art. 482 C. Warehousing businessI. Right to issue documents of title to goods |
| Art. 483 II. Warehouse keeper’s duty of safe-keeping |
| Art. 484 III. Intermingling of stored goods |
| Art. 485 IV. Rights of the warehouse keeper |
| Art. 486 V. Return of the goods |
| Art. 487 D. Inns, hotels and stablesI. Liability of hoteliers1. Conditions and scope |
| Art. 488 2. Specific liability for valuables |
| Art. 489 3. End of liability |
| Art. 490 II. Liability of stable owners |
| Art. 491 III. Lien |
| Art. 492 A. RequirementsI. Definition |
| Art. 493 II. Form |
| Art. 494 III. Spouse’s consent |
| Art. 495 B. SubstanceI. Particularities of different types of surety1. Simple surety |
| Art. 496 2. Joint and several surety |
| Art. 497 3. Co-surety |
| Art. 498 4. Collateral surety and counter-surety |
| Art. 499 II. Common provisions 1. Relationship between the surety and the creditora. Scope of liability |
| Art. 500 b. Reduction of liability by court order |
| Art. 501 c. Resort to the surety |
| Art. 502 d. Defences |
| Art. 503 e. Creditor’s duty of diligence and duty to release documents and pledges |
| Art. 504 f. Right to demand acceptance of payment |
| Art. 505 g. Creditor’s duty to notify and to register his claim in bankruptcy and composition proceedings |
| Art. 506 2. Relationship between surety and principal debtora. Right to security and release |
| Art. 507 b. Surety’s right of recourse aa. In general |
| Art. 508 bb. Surety’s duty to notify |
| Art. 509 C. Termination of the contract of suretyI. By operation of law |
| Art. 510 II. Fixed-term contract of surety; revocation |
| Art. 511 III. Open-ended contract of surety |
| Art. 512 IV. Contracts of surety for official and civil service obligations |
| Art. 513 Title Twenty-One: Gambling and BettingA. No actionable claim |
| Art. 514 B. Debentures and voluntary payment |
| Art. 515 C. Lotteries and prize draws |
| Art. 515a D. Gambling in casinos, loans from casinos |
| Art. 516 Life Annuity and the Lifetime Maintenance Agreements |
| Art. 517 II. Formal requirement |
| Art. 518 III. Rights of the annuitant1. Exercise of entitlement |
| Art. 519 |
| Art. 520 IV. Life annuities under the law governing insurance policies |
| Art. 521 B. Lifetime maintenance agreementI. Definition |
| Art. 522 II. Conclusion1. Form |
| Art. 523 2. Security |
| Art. 524 III. Content |
| Art. 525 IV. Challenge and reduction |
| Art. 526 V. Termination1. Notice |
| Art. 527 2. Unilateral termination |
| Art. 528 3. Termination on the death of the settlor |
| Art. 529 VI. Non-transferable claim, asserting claim in the event of bankruptcy and seizure |
| Art. 530 Title Twenty-Three: The Simple PartnershipA. Definition |
| Art. 531 B. Relationship between partners I. Contributions |
| Art. 532 II. Profit and loss1. Profit sharing |
| Art. 533 2. Participation in profits and losses |
| Art. 534 III. Partnership resolutions |
| Art. 535 IV. Management of partnership business |
| Art. 536 V. Liability between partners1. Prohibition of competition |
| Art. 537 2. Claims arising from partnership activities |
| Art. 538 3. Due diligence |
| Art. 539 VI. Withdrawal and restriction of management authority |
| Art. 540 VII. Managing partners and other partners1. In general |
| Art. 541 2. Right to information on the affairs of the partnership |
| Art. 542 VIII. Admission of new partners and sub-participation |
| Art. 543 C. Relationship between partners and third partiesI. Representation |
| Art. 544 II. Effects of representation |
| Art. 545 D. Dissolution I. Grounds for dissolution1. In general |
| Art. 546 2. Partnership of indefinite duration |
| Art. 547 II. Effect of dissolution on business management |
| Art. 548 III. Liquidation1. Treatment of contributions |
| Art. 549 2. Division of surplus and deficit |
| Art. 550 3. Liquidation method |
| Art. 551 IV. Liability towards third parties |
| Art. 552 Title Twenty-Four: The General PartnershipSection One: Definition and FormationA. Commercial partnerships |
| Art. 553 B. Non-commercial partnerships |
| Art. 554 C. Entry in the commercial registerI. Place of registration |
| Art. 555 II. Representation |
| Art. 556 III. Formal requirements |
| Art. 557 Section Two: Relationship between PartnersA. Freedom of contract, reference to simple partnership |
| Art. 558 |
| Art. 559 C. Entitlement to profit, interest and fees |
| Art. 560 D. Losses |
| Art. 561 E. Prohibition of competition |
| Art. 562 Relationship between the Partnership and Third Parties |
| Art. 563 B. RepresentationI. General principle |
| Art. 564 II. Scope |
| Art. 565 III. Withdrawal |
| Art. 566 IV. Registered power of attorney and commercial agency |
| Art. 567 V. Transactions and liability in tort |
| Art. 568 C. Position of creditorsI. Partners’ liability |
| Art. 569 II. Liability of new partners |
| Art. 570 III. Insolvency of the partnership |
| Art. 571 IV. Insolvency of the partnership and bankruptcy of the partners |
| Art. 572 D. Position of personal creditors of partners |
| Art. 573 E. Set off |
| Art. 574 Section Four: Dissolution and WithdrawalA. In general |
| Art. 575 B. Termination by personal creditors |
| Art. 576 C. Withdrawal of partnersI. Agreement |
| Art. 577 II. Exclusion by court order |
| Art. 578 III. Exclusion by the other partners |
| Art. 579 IV. In the case of two partners |
| Art. 580 V. Determining the share |
| Art. 581 VI. Registration |
| Art. 581a D. Defects in the organisation of the partnership |
| Art. 582 Section Five: LiquidationA. General principle |
| Art. 583 B. Liquidators |
| Art. 584 C. Representation of heirs |
| Art. 585 D. Rights and obligations of the liquidators |
| Art. 586 E. Provisional distribution |
| Art. 587 F. DivisionI. Balance sheet |
| Art. 588 II. Repayment of capital and distribution of surplus |
| Art. 589 G. Deletion from the commercial register |
| Art. 590 H. Archiving of ledgers and other documents |
| Art. 591 Section Six: PrescriptionA. Object and prescriptive period |
| Art. 592 B. Special cases |
| Art. 593 C. Interruption |
| Art. 594 Title Twenty-Five: The Limited PartnershipSection One: Definition and FormationA. Commercial partnerships |
| Art. 595 B. Non-commercial partnerships |
| Art. 596 |
| Art. 597 II. Formal requirements |
| Art. 598 Section Two: Relationship between PartnersA. Freedom of contract, reference to general partnership |
| Art. 599 B. Management of business |
| Art. 600 C. Position of limited partners |
| Art. 601 D. Share in profit and loss |
| Art. 602 Relationship between the Partnership and Third Parties |
| Art. 603 B. Representation |
| Art. 604 C. Liability of general partners |
| Art. 605 D. Liability of limited partnersI. Acting for the partnership |
| Art. 606 II. Lack of registration |
| Art. 607 III. ... |
| Art. 608 IV. Scope of liability |
| Art. 609 V. Reduction of limited partner’s specific contribution |
| Art. 610 VI. Creditors’ right of action |
| Art. 611 VII. Entitlement to interest and profit |
| Art. 612 VIII. Joining limited partnerships |
| Art. 613 E. Position of personal creditors |
| Art. 614 F. Set off |
| Art. 615 G. Insolvency I. In general |
| Art. 616 II. Insolvency of the partnership |
| Art. 617 III. Procedure against general partners |
| Art. 618 IV. Bankruptcy of limited partners |
| Art. 619 Section Four: Dissolution, Liquidation, Prescription |
| Art. 620 Section One: General ProvisionsA. Definition |
| Art. 621 B. Minimum share capital |
| Art. 622 C. SharesI. Types |
| Art. 623 II. Splitting and consolidating shares |
| Art. 624 III. Issue price |
| Art. 625 D. Shareholders |
| Art. 626 E. Articles of associationI. Content prescribed by law |
| Art. 627 II. Further provisions1. In general |
| Art. 628 |
| Art. 629 F. EstablishmentI. Deed of incorporation1. Content |
| Art. 630 2. Share subscription |
| Art. 631 II. Supporting documents |
| Art. 632 III. Capital contributions1. Minimum contribution |
| Art. 633 2. Performance of contributionsa. Money contributions |
| Art. 634 b. Contributions in kind |
| Art. 634a c. Subsequent contribution |
| Art. 635 3. Verification of capital contributionsa. Statutory report |
| Art. 635a b. Audit confirmation |
| Art. 636639 |
| Art. 640 G. Entry in the commercial registerI. Company |
| Art. 641 II. ... |
| Art. 642 III. Contributions and acquisitions in kind, special privileges |
| Art. 643 |
| Art. 644 II. Shares issued before entry |
| Art. 645 III. Obligations contracted prior to entry |
| Art. 646 |
| Art. 647 J. Amending the articles of association |
| Art. 648649 |
| Art. 650 I. Ordinary and authorised capital increase1. Ordinary capital increase |
| Art. 651 2. Authorised capital increasea. Basis in articles of association |
| Art. 651a b. Amendment of the articles of association |
| Art. 652 3. Common provisionsa. Share subscription |
| Art. 652a b. ... |
| Art. 652b c. Subscription right |
| Art. 652c d. Making capital contributions |
| Art. 652d e. Increase from equity capital |
| Art. 652e f. Capital increase report |
| Art. 652f g. Audit confirmation |
| Art. 652g h. Amendment of articles of association and statements required |
| Art. 652h i. Entry in the commercial register; nullity of previously issued shares |
| Art. 653 II. Contingent capital increase1. General principle |
| Art. 653a 2. Restrictions |
| Art. 653b 3. Basis in articles of association |
| Art. 653c 4. Protection of shareholders |
| Art. 653d 5. Protection of beneficiaries of conversion or option rights |
| Art. 653e 6. Execution of capital increasea. Exercise of rights; capital contribution |
| Art. 653f b. Audit confirmation |
| Art. 653g c. Amendment of the articles of association |
| Art. 653h d. Entry in the commercial register |
| Art. 653i 7. Deletion |
| Art. 654 |
| Art. 655 |
| Art. 656 |
| Art. 656a L. Participation certificatesI. Definition; applicable provisions |
| Art. 656b II. Participation and share capital |
| Art. 656c III. Legal position of participation certificate holders1. In general |
| Art. 656d 2. Notice and resolutions of general meetings |
| Art. 656e 3. Representation on the board of directors |
| Art. 656f 4. Pecuniary rightsa. In general |
| Art. 656g b. Subscription rights |
| Art. 657 M. Dividend rights certificates |
| Art. 658 |
| Art. 659 N. Own sharesI. Restrictions on acquisition |
| Art. 659a II. Consequences of acquisition |
| Art. 659b III. Acquisition by subsidiaries |
| Art. 660 A. Entitlement to a share of the profits and proceeds of liquidationI. In general |
| Art. 661 II. Calculation method |
| Art. 662 |
| Art. 662a |
| Art. 663 |
| Art. 663a |
| Art. 663bbis I. Additional information on companies with listed shares1. Remuneration |
| Art. 663c |
| Art. 663 |
| Art. 664 |
| Art. 665a |
| Art. 666 |
| Art. 668 |
| Art. 669 |
| Art. 670 |
| Art. 671 C. ReservesI. Legal reserves1. General reserve |
| Art. 671a 2. Reserve for own shares |
| Art. 671b 3. Revaluation reserve |
| Art. 672 II. Reserves pursuant to the articles of association1. In general |
| Art. 673 2. For staff welfare purposes |
| Art. 674 III. Ratio of the share in the profit to the reserves |
| Art. 675 D. Dividends, interest before commencement of operations and shares of profits paid to board membersI. Dividends |
| Art. 676 II. Interest before commencement of operations |
| Art. 677 III. Shares of profits paid to board members |
| Art. 678 E. Return of benefitsI. In general |
| Art. 679 II. Shares of profits paid to board members on insolvency |
| Art. 680 F. Shareholder’s duty to contributeI. Object |
| Art. 681 II. Consequences of default1. By law and the articles of association |
| Art. 682 2. Call for performance |
| Art. 683 G. Issue and transfer of sharesI. Bearer shares |
| Art. 684 II. Registered shares |
| Art. 685 H. Restricted transferabilityI. Statutory restriction |
| Art. 685a II. Restrictions under the articles of association1. General principles |
| Art. 685b 2. Unlisted registered sharesa. Requirements for refusal |
| Art. 685c b. Effect |
| Art. 685d 3. Listed registered sharesa. Requirements for refusal |
| Art. 685e b. Duty of notification |
| Art. 685f c. Transfer of rights |
| Art. 685g d. Time limit for refusal |
| Art. 686 4. Share registera. Entry |
| Art. 686a b. Deletion |
| Art. 687 |
| Art. 688 III. Interim certificates |
| Art. 689 I. Participation in general meetings of shareholders1. General principle |
| Art. 689a 2. Entitlement as against the company |
| Art. 689b 3. Representation of the shareholdera. In general |
| Art. 689c b. Governing officer as representative |
| Art. 689d c. Custodian as representative |
| Art. 689e d. Disclosure |
| Art. 690 |
| Art. 691 II. Unauthorised participation |
| Art. 692 III. Voting rights at general meetings of shareholders1. General principle |
| Art. 693 2. Shares with privileged voting rights |
| Art. 694 3. Entitlement to exercise voting right |
| Art. 695 4. Exclusion of voting right |
| Art. 696 IV. Shareholders’ rights of control1. Availability of the annual report |
| Art. 697 2. Information and inspection |
| Art. 697a V. Right to instigate a special audit1. With approval of the general meeting |
| Art. 697b 2. If motion rejected by the general meeting |
| Art. 697c 3. Appointment |
| Art. 697d 4. Audit activities |
| Art. 697e 5. Report |
| Art. 697f 6. Procedure and publication |
| Art. 697g 7. Costs |
| Art. 697h |
| Art. 697i |
| Art. 697l I. Notice of beneficial owner of sharesII. Register of beneficial owners |
| Art. 697m |
| Art. 698 Organisation of the Company Limited by Shares |
| Art. 699 |
| Art. 700 2. Form |
| Art. 701 3. Universal meeting |
| Art. 702 III. Preparatory measures; minutes |
| Art. 702a IV. Participation of members of the board of directors |
| Art. 703 |
| Art. 704 2. Important resolutions |
| Art. 704a 3. Conversion of bearer shares into registered shares |
| Art. 705 |
| Art. 706 |
| Art. 706a 2. Procedure |
| Art. 706b |
| Art. 707 |
| Art. 708 2. ... |
| Art. 709 |
| Art. 710 |
| Art. 711 |
| Art. 712 II. Organisation1. Chairman and secretary |
| Art. 713 2. Resolutions |
| Art. 714 3. Void resolutions |
| Art. 715 4. Right to convene meetings |
| Art. 715a 5. Right to information and inspection |
| Art. 716 III. Duties1. In general |
| Art. 716a 2. Non-transferable duties |
| Art. 716b 3. Delegation of business management |
| Art. 717 IV. Duty of care and loyalty |
| Art. 718 V. Representation1. In general |
| Art. 718a 2. Scope and restriction |
| Art. 718b 3. Contracts between the company and its representative |
| Art. 719 |
| Art. 720 |
| Art. 721 |
| Art. 722 |
| Art. 723724 |
| Art. 725 VII. Capital loss and overindebtedness1. Duty to notify |
| Art. 725a 2. Commencement or stay of insolvency proceedings |
| Art. 726 |
| Art. 727 I. Audit requirement1. Ordinary audit |
| Art. 727a 2. Limited audit |
| Art. 727b II. Requirements for the auditor1. In an ordinary audit |
| Art. 727c 2. In a limited audit |
| Art. 728 III. Ordinary audit1. Independence of the auditor |
| Art. 728a 2. Duties of the auditora. Subject matter and extent of the audit |
| Art. 728b b. Audit report |
| Art. 728c c. Duty to notify |
| Art. 729 IV. Limited audit (Review)1. Independence of the auditor |
| Art. 729a 2. Duties of the auditora. Subject matter and extent of the audit |
| Art. 729b b. Audit report |
| Art. 729c c. Duty to notify |
| Art. 730 V. Common provisions1. Appointment of the auditor |
| Art. 730a 2. Term of office of the auditor |
| Art. 730b 3. Information and confidentiality |
| Art. 730c 4. Documentation and safekeeping of documents |
| Art. 731 5. Approval of the accounts and allocation of profits |
| Art. 731a 6. Special provisions |
| Art. 731b |
| Art. 732 Section Four: Reduction of the Share CapitalA. Resolution to reduce the capital |
| Art. 732a B. Cancellation of shares in the event of restructuring |
| Art. 733 |
| Art. 734 |
| Art. 734 |
| Art. 734f VII. Gender representation of on the board of directors and in the executive board |
| Art. 735 |
| Art. 736 Section Five: Dissolution of a Company Limited by SharesA. Dissolution in generalI. Grounds |
| Art. 737 II. Notification for entry in the commercial register |
| Art. 738 III. Consequences |
| Art. 739 B. Dissolution with liquidationI. Consequences of liquidation; powers |
| Art. 740 |
| Art. 741 2. Dismissal |
| Art. 742 III. Liquidation process1. Balance sheet, call on creditors |
| Art. 743 2. Other duties |
| Art. 744 3. Protection of creditors |
| Art. 745 4. Distribution of assets |
| Art. 746 IV. Deletion from the commercial register |
| Art. 747 V. Retention of the share register, accounting records and register |
| Art. 751 II. Takeover by a public sector corporation |
| Art. 752 Section Six: LiabilityA. LiabilityI. ... |
| Art. 753 II. Founder members’ liability |
| Art. 754 III. Liability for administration, business management and liquidation |
| Art. 755 IV. Auditors’ liability |
| Art. 756 B. Damage to the companyI. Claims outside insolvency |
| Art. 757 II. Claims in insolvency |
| Art. 758 III. Effect of the resolution of release |
| Art. 759 C. Joint and several liability and recourse |
| Art. 760 Prescription |
| Art. 761 |
| Art. 762 Section Seven: Involvement of Public Sector Corporations |
| Art. 763 Exclusion of Application of the Code to Public-Sector Entities |
| Art. 764 Title Twenty-Seven: The Partnership limited by SharesA. Definition |
| Art. 765 B. DirectorsI. Designation and powers |
| Art. 766 II. Approval of resolutions of the general meeting |
| Art. 767 III. Withdrawal of authority to manage business and represent the partnership |
| Art. 768 C. Supervisory boardI. Appointment and powers |
| Art. 769 II. Liability action |
| Art. 770 D. Dissolution |
| Art. 771 E. Resignation |
| Art. 772 Section One: General ProvisionsA. Definition |
| Art. 773 B. Nominal capital |
| Art. 774 C. Capital contributions |
| Art. 774a D. Profit sharing certificates |
| Art. 775 E. Company members |
| Art. 776 F. Articles of associationI. Content prescribed by law |
| Art. 776a II. Conditional requirements as to content |
| Art. 777 G. EstablishmentI. Certificate of incorporation |
| Art. 777a II. Subscription for capital contributions |
| Art. 777b III. Documents |
| Art. 777c IV. Capital contributions |
| Art. 778 H. Entry in the commercial registerI. Company |
| Art. 778a II. ... |
| Art. 779 J. Acquisition of legal personalityI. Time; Failure to meet requirements |
| Art. 779a II. Obligations entered into before registration |
| Art. 780 K. Amendment of the articles of association |
| Art. 781 L. Increase in the nominal capital |
| Art. 782 M. Reduction of the nominal capital |
| Art. 783 N. Acquisition of own capital contributions |
| Art. 784 Section Two: Rights and Obligations of Company MembersA. Capital contributionsI. Official document |
| Art. 785 II. Transfer1. Assignmenta. Form |
| Art. 786 b. Consent requirements |
| Art. 787 c. Transfer of rights |
| Art. 788 2. Special forms of acquisition |
| Art. 789 3. Determining the true value |
| Art. 789a 4. Usufruct |
| Art. 789b 5. Charge |
| Art. 790 III. Register of contributions |
| Art. 790a IIIbis. Notice of the beneficial owner of the capital contributions |
| Art. 791 IV. Entry in the commercial register |
| Art. 792 V. Common property |
| Art. 793 B. Payment of capital contributions |
| Art. 794 C. Liability the company members |
| Art. 795 I. Additional financial contributions1. Principle and amount |
| Art. 795a 2. Call for additional financial contributions |
| Art. 795b 3. Repayment |
| Art. 795c 4. Reduction |
| Art. 795d 5. Continuation |
| Art. 796 II. Further material contributions |
| Art. 797 III. Retrospective introduction |
| Art. 798 E. Dividends, interest, shares of profitsI. Dividends |
| Art. 798a II. Interest |
| Art. 798b III. Shares of profits |
| Art. 799 F. Preferential capital contributions |
| Art. 800 G. Refund of payments |
| Art. 801 H. Reserves |
| Art. 801a J. Notification of the annual report |
| Art. 802 K. Right to information and to inspect documents |
| Art. 803 L. Duty of loyalty and prohibition of competition |
| Art. 804 Section Three: Organisation of the CompanyA. Members' general meetingI. Responsibilities |
| Art. 805 II. Convening and conduct of the meeting |
| Art. 806 III. Voting rights1. Determination |
| Art. 806a 2. Exclusion of the right to vote |
| Art. 806b 3. Usufruct |
| Art. 807 IV. Right of veto |
| Art. 808 V. Resolutions1. In general |
| Art. 808a 2. Casting vote |
| Art. 808b 3. Important resolutions |
| Art. 808c VI. Contesting resolutions of the members' general meeting |
| Art. 809 B. Management and representationI. designation the managing director and organisation |
| Art. 810 II. Duties of the managing directors |
| Art. 811 III. Approval by the members' general meeting |
| Art. 812 IV. Duty of care and of loyalty; prohibition of competition |
| Art. 813 V. Equal treatment |
| Art. 814 VI. Representation |
| Art. 815 VII. Removal of managing directors; Revocation of the right to represent the company |
| Art. 816 VIII. Nullity of decisions |
| Art. 817 IX. Liability |
| Art. 818 C. Auditor |
| Art. 819 D. Defects in the organisation the company |
| Art. 820 E. Loss of capital and overindebtedness |
| Art. 821 Section Four: Dissolution and ResignationA. DissolutionI. Grounds |
| Art. 821a II. Consequences |
| Art. 822 B. Resignation of company membersI. Resignation |
| Art. 822a II. Follow-up resignations |
| Art. 823 III. Exclusion |
| Art. 824 IV. Interim measures |
| Art. 825 V. Financial settlement1. Entitlement and amount |
| Art. 825a 2. Payment |
| Art. 826 C. Liquidation |
| Art. 827 Section Five: Liability |
| Art. 828 Title Twenty-Nine: The CooperativeSection One: Definition and EstablishmentA. Cooperatives under the Code of Obligations |
| Art. 829 B. Cooperatives under public law |
| Art. 830 C. EstablishmentI. Requirements1. In general |
| Art. 831 2. Number of members |
| Art. 832 II. Articles of association1. Content prescribed by law |
| Art. 833 2. Further provisions |
| Art. 834 III. Constituent assembly |
| Art. 835 IV. Entry in the commercial register1. Cooperative |
| Art. 836 2. ... |
| Art. 837 3. Register of members |
| Art. 838 V. Acquisition of legal personality |
| Art. 839 Section Two: Acquisition of MembershipA. General principle |
| Art. 840 B. Declaration of accession |
| Art. 841 C. In connection with an insurance policy |
| Art. 842 Section Three: Loss of MembershipA. DepartureI. Freedom to leave |
| Art. 843 II. Restriction of departure |
| Art. 844 III. Notice and timing of departure |
| Art. 845 IV. Exercise in bankruptcy and attachment |
| Art. 846 B. Exclusion |
| Art. 847 C. Death of a member |
| Art. 848 D. Lapse of office, employment or contract |
| Art. 849 E. Transfer of membershipI. In general |
| Art. 850 II. By transfer of land or commercial exploitation |
| Art. 851 F. Departure of the legal successor |
| Art. 852 Section Four: Rights and Obligations of the MembersA. Proof of membership |
| Art. 853 B. Share certificates |
| Art. 854 C. Equality |
| Art. 855 D. RightsI. Voting right |
| Art. 856 II. Control by the members1. Disclosure of the balance sheet |
| Art. 857 2. Release of information |
| Art. 858 III. Rights to share the net profit1. ... |
| Art. 859 2. Profit distribution principles |
| Art. 860 3. Duty to form and accumulate a reserve fund |
| Art. 861 4. Net profit at credit cooperatives |
| Art. 862 5. Welfare funds |
| Art. 863 6. Further allocations to reserves |
| Art. 864 IV. Entitlement to settlement1. Under the articles of association |
| Art. 865 2. By law |
| Art. 866 E. DutiesI. Duty of loyalty |
| Art. 867 II. Duty to make contributions |
| Art. 868 III. Liability1. Of the cooperative |
| Art. 869 2. Of the membersa. Unlimited liability |
| Art. 870 b. Limited liability |
| Art. 871 c. Liability to make additional contributions |
| Art. 872 d. Inadmissible restrictions |
| Art. 873 e. Procedure in insolvency |
| Art. 874 f. Amendment of liability provisions |
| Art. 875 g. Liability of new members |
| Art. 876 h. Liability after departure or dissolution |
| Art. 877 i. Notification of accessions and departures for entry in the commercial register |
| Art. 878 k. Prescriptive periods for liability |
| Art. 879 Section Five: Organisation of the CooperativeA. General assembly of membersI. Powers |
| Art. 880 II. Ballot |
| Art. 881 III. Convening the general assembly 1. Right and duty |
| Art. 882 2. Form |
| Art. 883 3. Agenda items |
| Art. 884 4. Universal meeting |
| Art. 885 IV. Voting rights |
| Art. 886 V. Representation |
| Art. 887 VI. Exclusion of voting rights |
| Art. 888 VII. Resolutions 1. In general |
| Art. 889 2. Increase of members’ obligations |
| Art. 890 |
| Art. 891 IX. Challenging resolutions of the general assembly |
| Art. 892 X. Assembly of delegates |
| Art. 893 XI. Exceptions for insurance cooperatives |
| Art. 894 B. DirectorsI. Eligibility1. Membership |
| Art. 895 2.... |
| Art. 896 II. Term of office |
| Art. 897 III. Administrative committees |
| Art. 898 IV. Business management and representation1. Delegation |
| Art. 899 2. Scope and restriction |
| Art. 899a 3. Contracts between the cooperative and its representatives |
| Art. 900 |
| Art. 901 |
| Art. 902 V. Duties1. In general |
| Art. 903 2. Duty to notify capital loss and overindebtedness |
| Art. 904 VI. Return of payments to members |
| Art. 905 VII. Dismissal and suspension |
| Art. 906 C. AuditorI. In general |
| Art. 907 II. Verification of the membership list |
| Art. 908 D. Defects in organisation |
| Art. 909 |
| Art. 911 Section Six: Dissolution of the CooperativeA. Grounds for dissolution |
| Art. 912 B. Notification for entry in the commercial register |
| Art. 913 C. Liquidation, distribution of assets |
| Art. 914 D. ... |
| Art. 915 E. Takeover by a public sector corporation |
| Art. 916 Section Seven: LiabilityA. Liability to the cooperative |
| Art. 917 B. Liability to the cooperative, members and creditors |
| Art. 918 C. Joint and several liability and recourse |
| Art. 919 D. Prescription |
| Art. 920 E. Liability in credit and insurance cooperatives |
| Art. 921 Section Eight: Cooperative UnionsA. Requirements |
| Art. 922 B. OrganisationI. Assembly of delegates |
| Art. 923 II. Board of directors |
| Art. 924 III. Monitoring, challenge |
| Art. 925 IV. Exclusion of new obligations |
| Art. 926 Section Nine: Involvement of Public Sector Corporations |
| Art. 927 A. Definition and purpose |
| Art. 928 B. OrganisationI. Commercial register authorities |
| Art. 928a II. Cooperation between authorities |
| Art. 928b C. Central databases |
| Art. 928c |
| Art. 929 E. Registration, amendment and deletionI. Principles |
| Art. 930 II. Business identification number |
| Art. 931 III. Obligation to register and voluntary registration1. Sole proprietorships and branch offices |
| Art. 932 2. Public institutions |
| Art. 933 IV. Change in facts |
| Art. 934 V. Ex officio deletion1. Legal entities without business operations and without assets |
| Art. 934a 2. In the event of a sole proprietorship or branch office having no domicile |
| Art. 935 VI. Reinstatement |
| Art. 936 F. Publicity and effectivenessI. Publicity and publication on the internet |
| Art. 936a II. Publication in the Swiss Official Commercial Gazette and start of effectiveness |
| Art. 936b III. Effects |
| Art. 937 G. ObligationsI. Obligation to verify |
| Art. 938 II. Request and ex officio recording |
| Art. 939 III. Organisational defects |
| Art. 940 H. Fixed penalties |
| Art. 941 I. Fees |
| Art. 942 J. Legal remedies |
| Art. 943 K. Ordinance |
| Art. 944 Title Thirty-One: Business NamesA. General principles of business name compositionI. General provisions |
| Art. 945 |
| Art. 946 2. Exclusivity of the registered business name |
| Art. 947 |
| Art. 949 |
| Art. 950 III. Company names1. Composition of the business name |
| Art. 951 2. Exclusivity of the registered business name |
| Art. 952 IV. Branch offices |
| Art. 953 V. ... |
| Art. 954 VI. Change of name |
| Art. 954a B. Obligation to use business and other names |
| Art. 955 |
| Art. 955a D. Reservation of other provisions of federal law |
| Art. 956 |
| Art. 957 Section One: General ProvisionsA. Duty to keep accounts and file financial reports |
| Art. 957a B. Accounting |
| Art. 958 C. Financial reportingI. Aim and constituent elements |
| Art. 958a II. Principles of financial reporting1. Going-concern assumption |
| Art. 958b 2. Chronological and material distinction |
| Art. 958c III. Recognised financial reporting principles |
| Art. 958d IV. Presentation, currency and language |
| Art. 958e D. Publication and inspection |
| Art. 958f E. Keeping and retaining accounting records |
| Art. 959 A. Balance sheetI. Purpose of the balance sheet, duty to prepare a balance sheet and balance sheet eligibility |
| Art. 959a II. Minimum structure |
| Art. 959b B. Profit and loss account; minimum structure |
| Art. 959c C. Notes to the accounts |
| Art. 960 D. ValuationI. Principles |
| Art. 960a II. Assets1. In general |
| Art. 960b 2. Assets with observable market prices |
| Art. 960c 3. Inventories and non-invoiced services |
| Art. 960d 4. Capital assets |
| Art. 960e III. Liabilities |
| Art. 961 Section Three: Financial Report for Larger UndertakingsA. Additional requirements for the annual report |
| Art. 961a B. Additional information in the notes to the annual accounts |
| Art. 961b C. Cash flow statement |
| Art. 961c D. Management report |
| Art. 961d E. Simplification due to consolidated accounts |
| Art. 962 Section Four: Financial Statements in accordance with Recognised Financial Reporting StandardsA. General |
| Art. 962a B. Recognised financial reporting standards |
| Art. 963 Section Five: Consolidated AccountsA. Duty to prepare |
| Art. 963a B. Exemption from the duty to prepare accounts |
| Art. 963b C. Recognised financial reporting standards |
| Art. 964 |
| Art. 964a A. Principle |
| Art. 964b B. Purpose and content of the report |
| Art. 964c C. Approval, publication, keeping and retaining |
| Art. 964d A. Principle |
| Art. 964e B. Forms of payment |
| Art. 964f C. Form and content of the report |
| Art. 964g D. Publication |
| Art. 964h E. Keeping and retaining the report |
| Art. 964i F. Extending the scope of application |
| Art. 964j A. Principle |
| Art. 964k B. Due diligence |
| Art. 964l C. Reporting |
| Art. 965 Section One: General ProvisionsA. Definition of negotiable security |
| Art. 966 B. Obligation under the security |
| Art. 967 C. Transfer of the securityI. General form |
| Art. 968 II. Endorsement1. Form |
| Art. 969 2. Effect |
| Art. 970 D. Conversion |
| Art. 971 E. CancellationI. Party requesting cancellation |
| Art. 972 II. Procedure, effect |
| Art. 973 F. Special provisions |
| Art. 973a I. Collective custody of negotiable securities |
| Art. 973b II. Global certificate |
| Art. 973c |
| Art. 973d I. Establishment |
| Art. 973e II. Effects |
| Art. 973f III. Transfer |
| Art. 973g IV. Collateral |
| Art. 973h V. Cancellation |
| Art. 973i VI. Information and liability |
| Art. 974 Section Two: Registered SecuritiesA. Definition |
| Art. 975 B. Evidence of creditor’s rightI. As a general rule |
| Art. 976 II. With qualified bearer securities |
| Art. 977 C. Cancellation |
| Art. 978 Section Three: Bearer Securities A. Definition |
| Art. 979 B. Obligor’s defencesI. In general |
| Art. 980 II. In the case of bearer coupons |
| Art. 981 |
| Art. 982 2. Attachment order |
| Art. 983 3. Public call for presentation, time limit |
| Art. 984 4. Form of public notice |
| Art. 985 5. Effecta. Where the security is presented |
| Art. 986 b. Where the security is not presented |
| Art. 987 II. Of coupons in particular |
| Art. 988 III. In the case of banknotes and the like |
| Art. 989 D. Mortgage certificates |
| Art. 990 Section Four: Bills and NotesA. Capacity to incur Liability as a party to a Bill |
| Art. 991 B. The Bill of Exchange I. Drawing and Formal Requirements of Bills of Exchange1. Requirements |
| Art. 992 2. Required content lacking |
| Art. 993 3. Types |
| Art. 994 4. Payment of domiciled bills |
| Art. 995 5. Promise of interest |
| Art. 996 6. Discrepancy in specification of bill amount |
| Art. 997 7. Signatures of persons lacking capacity |
| Art. 998 8. Unauthorised signature |
| Art. 999 9. Liability of the drawer |
| Art. 1000 10. Blank bill |
| Art. 1001 II. Endorsement1. Transferability |
| Art. 1002 2. Requirements |
| Art. 1003 3. Form |
| Art. 1004 4. Effectsa. Transfer function |
| Art. 1005 b. Guarantee function |
| Art. 1006 c. Proof of bearer’s entitlement |
| Art. 1007 5. Defences |
| Art. 1008 6. Procuration endorsement |
| Art. 1009 7. Pledging endorsement |
| Art. 1010 8. Subsequent endorsement |
| Art. 1011 III. Acceptance1. Right to present bill |
| Art. 1012 2. Presentation compulsory or prohibited |
| Art. 1013 3. Duty to present after-sight bills |
| Art. 1014 4. Repeat presentation |
| Art. 1015 5. Form of acceptance |
| Art. 1016 6. Restrictions on acceptance |
| Art. 1017 7. Domiciliate and bill domicile |
| Art. 1018 8. Effect of acceptancea. In general |
| Art. 1019 b. In the case of deletion |
| Art. 1020 IV. Bill Guarantees1. Bill guarantor |
| Art. 1021 2. Form |
| Art. 1022 3. Effects |
| Art. 1023 V. Maturity1. In general |
| Art. 1024 2. In the case of sight bills |
| Art. 1025 3. In the case of after-sight bills |
| Art. 1026 4. Computation of time limits |
| Art. 1027 5. Computation by the old method |
| Art. 1028 VI. Payment1. Presentation for payment |
| Art. 1029 2. Right to receipt, part payment |
| Art. 1030 3. Payment before and at maturity |
| Art. 1031 4. Payment in foreign currency |
| Art. 1032 5. Deposit |
| Art. 1033 VII. Recourse in the event of Non-Acceptance and NonPayment1. Recourse of the holder |
| Art. 1034 2. Protesta. Time limits and requirements |
| Art. 1035 b. Responsibility |
| Art. 1036 c. Content |
| Art. 1037 d. Form |
| Art. 1038 e. For partial acceptance |
| Art. 1039 f. Against several persons |
| Art. 1040 g. Copy of the protest document |
| Art. 1041 h. Defective protest |
| Art. 1042 3. Notification |
| Art. 1043 4. Waiver of protest |
| Art. 1044 5. Joint and several liability of the parties |
| Art. 1045 6. Nature of recoursea. By the holder |
| Art. 1046 b. By the party honouring the bill |
| Art. 1047 c. Right to take possession of bill, protest and receipt |
| Art. 1048 d. In respect of partial acceptance |
| Art. 1049 e. Re-exchange bill |
| Art. 1050 7. Invalidationa. In general |
| Art. 1051 b. Force majeure |
| Art. 1052 c. Unjust enrichment |
| Art. 1053 VIII. Devolution of Cover |
| Art. 1054 IX. Act of Honour1. General provisions |
| Art. 1055 2. Acceptance for honoura. Requirements, position of the holder |
| Art. 1056 b. Form |
| Art. 1057 c. Liability of the acceptor for honour, effect on right of recourse |
| Art. 1058 3. Payment for honoura. Requirements |
| Art. 1059 b. Obligation of the holder |
| Art. 1060 c. Consequence of refusal |
| Art. 1061 d. Right to take possession of bill, protest and receipt |
| Art. 1062 e. Devolution of the holder’s rights; multiple payments for honour |
| Art. 1063 1. Duplicatesa. Right to make duplicates |
| Art. 1064 b. Relationship between duplicates |
| Art. 1065 c. Acceptance comment |
| Art. 1066 2. Copiesa. Form and effect |
| Art. 1067 b. Surrender of the original bill |
| Art. 1068 XI. Amendments to the Bill of Exchange |
| Art. 1069 XII. Prescription1. Prescriptive periods |
| Art. 1070 2. Interruptiona. Grounds |
| Art. 1071 b. Effects |
| Art. 1072 XIII. Cancellation1. Provisional measures |
| Art. 1073 2. Known holder |
| Art. 1074 3. Unknown holdera. Duties of the applicant |
| Art. 1075 b. Public call for presentation |
| Art. 1076 c. Time limits |
| Art. 1077 d. Publication |
| Art. 1078 4. Effecta. If the bill is presented |
| Art. 1079 b. If the bill is not presented |
| Art. 1080 5. Court orders |
| Art. 1081 XIV. General Provisions1. Setting time limitsa. Holidays |
| Art. 1082 b. Computing time limits |
| Art. 1083 c. Exclusion of days of respite |
| Art. 1084 2. Place for actions in connection with bills of exchange |
| Art. 1085 3. Signature by hand; blind person’s signature |
| Art. 1086 XV. Applicable Jurisdiction1. Capacity to incur liability as a party to a bill |
| Art. 1087 2. Form and time limits of declaration on bills of exchangea. In general |
| Art. 1088 b. Actions to exercise and safeguard rights under bills of exchange |
| Art. 1089 c. Exercise of right of recourse |
| Art. 1090 3. Effect of declarations on bills of exchangea. In general |
| Art. 1091 b. Partial acceptance and part payment |
| Art. 1092 c. Payment |
| Art. 1093 d. Claims for unjust enrichment |
| Art. 1094 e. Devolution of cover |
| Art. 1095 f. Annulment |
| Art. 1096 C. The Promissory Note1. Requirements |
| Art. 1097 2. Required content lacking |
| Art. 1098 3. Reference to bill of exchange |
| Art. 1099 4. Liability of the maker; presentation for sight |
| Art. 1100 Section Five: The ChequeI. Issue and Formal Requirements of Cheques1. Requirements |
| Art. 1101 2. Required content lacking |
| Art. 1102 3. Capacity to act as drawee |
| Art. 1103 4. Cover requirement |
| Art. 1104 5. Exclusion of acceptance |
| Art. 1105 6. Designation of payee |
| Art. 1106 7. Interest comment |
| Art. 1107 8. Paying agents, domiciled cheques |
| Art. 1108 II. Transfer1. Transferability |
| Art. 1109 2. Requirements |
| Art. 1110 3. Proof of bearer’s entitlement |
| Art. 1111 4. Bearer cheque |
| Art. 1112 5. Lost cheques |
| Art. 1113 6. Rights stemming from subsequent endorsement |
| Art. 1114 III. Cheque Guarantees |
| Art. 1115 IV. Presentation and Payment1. Maturity |
| Art. 1116 2. Presentation for payment |
| Art. 1117 3. Computation by the old method |
| Art. 1118 4. Delivery to clearing house |
| Art. 1119 5. Revocationa. In general |
| Art. 1120 b. Death, incapacity, bankruptcy |
| Art. 1121 6. Verification of endorsements |
| Art. 1122 7. Payment in foreign currency |
| Art. 1123 V. The Crossed Cheque and the Account-Payee-Only Cheque1. Crossed chequesa. Definition |
| Art. 1124 b. Effects |
| Art. 1125 2. Account-payee-only cheques a. In general |
| Art. 1126 b. Bearer’s rights in the event of insolvency, suspension of payments, compulsory execution |
| Art. 1127 c. Bearer’s rights in the event of refusal of account credit or settlement |
| Art. 1128 VI. Recourse for Non-Payment1. Bearer’s rights of recourse |
| Art. 1129 2. Protest, time limits |
| Art. 1130 3. Object of recourse |
| Art. 1131 4. Exceptions in the case of force majeure |
| Art. 1132 VII. Forged Cheques |
| Art. 1133 VIII. Duplicates of a Cheque |
| Art. 1134 IX. Prescription |
| Art. 1135 X. General Provisions1. Definition of ‘banker’ |
| Art. 1136 2. Setting time limitsa. Holidays |
| Art. 1137 b. Computing time limits |
| Art. 1138 XI. Applicable Jurisdiction1. Capacity to act as drawee of a cheque |
| Art. 1139 2. Form and time limits for declarations on cheques |
| Art. 1040 3. Effect of cheque declarations a. Law of the place of issue |
| Art. 1141 b. Law of the place of payment |
| Art. 1142 c. Law of domicile |
| Art. 1143 XII. Applicability of the Law on Bills of Exchange |
| Art. 1144 XIII. Reservation of Specific Law |
| Art. 1145 Bill-like Securities and Other Instruments to Order |
| Art. 1146 II. Defences of the obligor |
| Art. 1147 B. Bill-like securitiesI. Payment instructions to order1. In general |
| Art. 1148 2. No duty to accept |
| Art. 1149 3. Consequences of acceptance |
| Art. 1150 4. No enforcement of bills of exchange |
| Art. 1151 II. Promise to pay to order |
| Art. 1152 C. Other endorsable securities |
| Art. 1153 |
| Art. 1153a II. Equivalent instruments in security ledgers |
| Art. 1154 B. The warrant |
| Art. 1155 C. Significance of the formal requirements |
| Art. 1156 Title Thirty-Four: BondsSection One: ... |
| Art. 1157 A. Requirements |
| Art. 1158 B. Bond representativeI. Appointment |
| Art. 1159 II. Powers1. In general |
| Art. 1160 2. Monitoring of the borrower |
| Art. 1161 3. In the case of bonds secured by a charge |
| Art. 1162 III. Lapse of authority |
| Art. 1163 IV. Costs |
| Art. 1164 C. Creditors’ meetingI. In general |
| Art. 1165 II. Convocation1. In general |
| Art. 1166 2. Moratorium |
| Art. 1167 III. Holding the meeting1. Voting right |
| Art. 1168 2. Representation of individual bond creditors |
| Art. 1169 IV. Procedure |
| Art. 1170 1. Admissibility and required majoritya. In the case of only one community of creditors |
| Art. 1171 b. In the case of several communities of creditors |
| Art. 1172 c. Determining the majority |
| Art. 1173 2. Restrictionsa. In general |
| Art. 1174 b. Equal treatment |
| Art. 1175 c. Statement and balance sheet |
| Art. 1176 3. Official approvala. In general |
| Art. 1177 b. Requirements |
| Art. 1178 c. Appeal |
| Art. 1179 d. Revocation |
| Art. 1180 II. Other resolutions1. Authority of the bond representative |
| Art. 1181 2. On other matters |
| Art. 1182 3. Challenge |
| Art. 1183 E. Special casesI. Insolvency of the borrower |
| Art. 1184 II. Composition agreement |
| Art. 1185 III. Bonds issued by railway or inland waterways transport companies |
| Art. 1186 F. Mandatory law |
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